The Old City Beneath The Sea
Selasa, 17 April 2012
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Beautiful City in South America
The Old City in Mecca (Old Town in The Middle East)
Senin, 16 April 2012
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Ancient City in Africa And history of ancient African
Senin, 09 April 2012
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European colonial powers in Africa called "Dark Continent" as they begin their exploration. They see it as a vast and dangerous place filled with savages, but Africa has been home to many advanced, exotic civilizations. Many have been buried under the sands of time, but we know others, and archaeologists continue to uncover more clues about ancient civilizations in Africa.''
New York City History , Video and photo new york city
Sabtu, 07 April 2012
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Written documentation of the history of New York City began with the first European visit to the area by Giovanni da Verrazzano, in command of the French ship, La Dauphine, when he visited the region in 1524. It is believed he sailed in Upper New York Bay where he encountered native Lenape, returned through The Narrows where he anchored the night of April 17, and then left to continue his voyage. He named the area of present-day New York City Nouvelle-Angoulême (New Angoulême) in honor of Francis I of France, King of France and Count of Angoulême.''
European settlement began on September 3, 1609 when Englishman Henry Hudson in the employ of the Dutch East India Company sailed the Half Moon through The Narrows into Upper New York Bay. Like Christopher Columbus, Hudson was looking for a westerly passage to Asia. He never found one, but he did make note of the abundant beaver population. Beaver pelts were in fashion in Europe, fueling a lucrative business. Hudson's report on the regional beaver population served as the impetus for the founding of Dutch trading colonies in the New World, among them New Amsterdam, which would become New York City. The beaver's importance in New York City history is reflected by its use on the city's official seal.''
The Dutch West Indies Company transported Africa slaves to the post as trading laborers. By the late 17th century, 40 percent of the settlement were African slaves. They helped build the fort and stockade, and some gained freedom under the Dutch. After the English took over the colony and city they called New York, they continued to import slaves from Africa and the Caribbean. In 1703, 42 percent of the New York households had slaves; they served as domestic servants and laborers, but also became involved in skilled artisan trades, shipping and other fields. They were integral to the development of colonial and federal New York. By the time of the Revolution, slaves comprised nearly a quarter of the city's population; second only to Charleston, South Carolina, New York had the largest number of slaves of any city in the nation.''
The area around New York City was the location for multiple battles of the American Revolutionary War, including the largest battle of the war: the Battle of Brooklyn. With victory, the British occupied the city from September 1776 to late 1783. In response to the Crown's offer of freedom for slaves who left rebel masters, by 1780 the city became crowded with 10,000 blacks, most of whom had escaped slave masters. The British evacuated 3,000 freedmen with their troops in 1783; the Black Loyalists had chosen resettlement in Nova Scotia and other colonies. George Washington was inaugurated as the first President of the United States on April 30, 1789 in front of Federal Hall and the city served as the capital of the United States until 1790. The New York legislature passed a program of gradual emancipation in 1799; finally abolishing all slavery in the state in 1827.''
Beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, waves of new immigrants arrived from Europe, dramatically changing the composition of the city and serving as workers in the expanding industries. Modern New York City traces its development to the consolidation of the five boroughs in 1898 and an economic and building boom following the Great Depression and World War II. Throughout its history, New York City has served as a main port of entry for many immigrants, and its cultural and economic influences have made it one of the most important urban areas in the United States, and the world.''
Early History (Lenape and New Netherland: prehistory – 1664)
The area that would eventually encompass modern day New York City was inhabited by the Lenape people. These groups of culturally and linguistically identical Native Americans traditionally spoke an Algonquian language now referred to as Unami. Early European settlers would refer to bands of Lenape by the Unami place name for where they lived, such as: "Raritan" in what is now called Staten Island and New Jersey, "Canarsee" in what is now known as Brooklyn, and "Hackensack" in modern New Jersey across the Hudson River from current-day Lower Manhattan. Eastern Long Island neighbors were culturally and linguistically more closely related to the Mohegan-Pequot peoples of what is now known as New England who spoke the Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett language.''
These peoples all made use of the abundant waterways in the New York City region for fishing, hunting trips, trade, and occasionally war. Place names such as Raritan Bay and Canarsie, Brooklyn, are derived from Lenape names. Many former paths created by the indigenous peoples are today main thoroughfares, such as Broadway in Manhattan. The Lenape developed sophisticated techniques of hunting and managing their resources. By the time of the arrival of Europeans, they were cultivating fields of vegetation through the slash and burn technique, which extended the productive life of planted fields. They also harvested vast quantities of fish and shellfish from the bay. Historians estimate that at the time of European settlement, approximately 15,000 Lenape lived in 80 settlements around the region. European settlement began with the founding of a Dutch fur trading post in Lower Manhattan, later called New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam) in the southern tip of Manhattan in 1624-1625. Soon thereafter, most likely in 1626, construction of Fort Amsterdam began. Later, the Dutch West Indies Company imported African slaves to serve as laborers; they helped to build the wall that defended the town against English and Indian attacks. Early directors included Willem Verhulst and Peter Minuit. Willem Kieft became director in 1638, but five years later was embroiled in Kieft's War against the Native Americans. The Pavonia Massacre, across the Hudson River in present day Jersey City resulted in the death of 80 natives in February 1643. Following the massacre, eleven Algonquian tribes joined forces clarification needed and nearly defeated the Dutch. Holland sent additional forces to the aid of Kieft, leading to the overwhelming defeat of the Native Americans, and a peace treaty on August 29, 1645.''
On May 27, 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was inaugurated as director general upon his arrival, and ruled as a member of the Dutch Reformed Church. The colony was granted self-government in 1652 and New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city February 2, 1653. The very first mayors (burgemeesters) of New Amsterdam, Arent van Hattem and Martin Cregier, were appointed in that year.''
British and revolution: 1664–1783 (History of New York City 1665–1783)
In 1664, the English conquered the area and renamed it "New York" after the Duke of York and Albany. At that time, African slaves comprised 40 percent of the small population of the city. Some had achieved freedom under the Dutch and owned 130 acres of farms in the area of present-day Washington Square. The Dutch briefly regained it in 1673, renaming the city "New Orange", before permanently ceding the colony of New Netherland to the English for what is now Suriname in November 1674. Some place names originated in the Dutch period, most notably Flushing (Dutch town of Vlissingen), Harlem (Dutch town of Haarlem) and Brooklyn (Dutch town of Breukelen). Few buildings however remain from the 17th Century. The oldest recorded house still in existence in New York City, the Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, dates from 1652.''
The new English rulers of the formerly Dutch New Amsterdam and New Netherland renamed the settlement New York. As the colony grew and prospered, sentiment also grew for greater autonomy. In the context of the Glorious Revolution in England, Jacob Leisler led Leisler's Rebellion and effectively controlled the city and surrounding areas from 1689–1691, before being arrested and executed.''
By 1700, the Lenape population of New York had diminished to 200. By 1703, 42 percent of households in New York had slaves, a higher percentage than in Philadelphia or Boston.''
The 1735 libel trial of John Peter Zenger in the city was a seminal influence on freedom of the press in North America.''
New Amsterdam in 1664 (View of New York harbor, ca. 1770)
By the 1740s, with expansion of settlers, 20 percent of the population of New York were slaves, totaling about 2500 people. After a series of fires in 1741, the city became panicked that blacks planned to burn the city i a conspiracy with some poor whites. Historians believe their alarm was mostly fabrication and fear, but officials rounded up 31 blacks and 4 whites, who over a period of months were convicted of arson. Of these, the city executed 13 blacks by burning them alive, and hanged 4 whites and 18 blacks.''
Further information: New York Conspiracy of 1741
In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by George II of Great Britain as King's College in Lower Manhattan.''
The Stamp Act and other British measures fomented dissent, particularly among Sons of Liberty who maintained a long-running skirmish with locally stationed British troops over Liberty Poles from 1766 to 1776. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York City in 1765 in the first organized resistance to British authority across the colonies. After the major defeat of the Continental Army in the Battle of Long Island, General George Washington withdrew to Manhattan Island, but with the subsequent defeat at the Battle of Fort Washington the island was effectively left to the British. New York City was greatly damaged twice by fires of suspicious origin during British military rule. The city became the political and military center of operations in North America for the remainder of the war, and a haven for Loyalist refugees. Continental Army officer Nathan Hale was hanged in Manhattan for espionage. In addition, the British began to hold the majority of captured American prisoners of war aboard prison ships in Wallabout Bay, across the East River in Brooklyn. More Americans lost their lives from neglect aboard these ships than died in all the battles of the war. British occupation lasted until November 25, 1783. George Washington triumphantly returned to the city that day, as the last British forces left the city.''
Federal and early America: 1784–1854 (History of New York City (1784-1854)
In 1785 the Congress met in New York City under the Articles of Confederation. Later, New York City was made the first national capital of the United States under the United States Constitution. The United States Constitution also created the current Congress of the United States and the first sitting at Federal Hall on Wall Street. The first steps to expanding the United States: the first United States Supreme Court sat there, the United States Bill of Rights was drafted and ratified there, and the Northwest Ordinance all took place there.''
New York City became the first capital of the newly formed United States on September 13, 1788 under the U.S. Constitutional Convention. On April 30, 1789 the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated at Federal Hall on Wall Street. New York City remained the capital of the U.S. until 1790, when the honor was transferred to Philadelphia.''
New York grew as an economic center, first as a result of Alexander Hamilton's policies and practices as the first Secretary of the Treasury and, later, with the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, which connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the North American interior. Immigration resumed after being slowed by wars in Europe, and a new street grid system expanded to encompass all of Manhattan.''
The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, and by 1850, the Irish comprised one quarter of the city's population. Government institutions, including the New York City Police Department and the public schools, were established in the 1840s and 1850s to respond to growing demands of residents.''
Modern History
Tammany and consolidation: 1855–1897
This period started with the 1855 inauguration of Fernando Wood as the first mayor from Tammany Hall, an Irish immigrant-supported Democratic Party political machine that would dominate local politics throughout this period. During the 19th century, the city was transformed by immigration, a visionary development proposal called the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan, and the opening of the Erie Canal, which connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the Midwestern United States and Canada in 1825. By 1835, New York City had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States. Public-minded members of the old merchant aristocracy pressed for a Central Park, which was opened to a design competition in 1857; it would become the first landscape park in an American city.''
During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the city's strong commercial ties to the South, its growing immigrant population, and anger about conscription led to divided sympathy for both the Union and Confederacy, culminating in the Draft Riots of 1863. After the Civil War, the rate of immigration from Europe grew steeply, and New York became the first stop for millions seeking a new and better life in the United States, a role acknowledged by the dedication of the Statue of Liberty in 1886.''
Early 20th century: 1898–1945
In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then an independent city), Manhattan and outlying areas. Manhattan and the Bronx, though still one county, were established as two separate boroughs and joined together with three other boroughs created from parts of adjacent counties to form the new municipal government originally called "Greater New York". The Borough of Brooklyn incorporated the independent City of Brooklyn, recently joined to Manhattan by the Brooklyn Bridge, and several municipalities in eastern Kings County, New York; the Borough of Queens was created from western Queens County (with the remnant established as Nassau County in 1899); and The Borough of Staten Island contained all of Richmond County. All municipal (county, town and city) governments contained within the boroughs were abolished. In 1914, the New York State Legislature created Bronx county, making five counties coterminous with the five boroughs.''
On June 15, 1904 over 1,000 people, mostly German Immigrants, were killed when the steamship General Slocum caught fire and burned on North Brother Island, in the East River; and on March 25, 1911 the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in Greenwich Village took the lives of 146 garment workers, which would eventually lead to great advancements in the city's fire department, building codes, and workplace regulations.''
Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. Interborough Rapid Transit (the first New York City Subway company) began operating in 1904, and the railroads operating out of Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station thrived.''
New York City's ever accelerating changes and rising crime and poverty rates ended when World War I disrupted trade routes, the Immigration Restriction Acts limited additional immigration after the war, and the Great Depression ended the need for new labor. The combination ended the rule of the Gilded Age barons. As the city's demographics stabilized, labor unionization brought new protections and affluence to the working class, the city's government and infrastructure underwent a dramatic overhaul under Fiorello La Guardia, and his controversial parks commissioner, Robert Moses, ended the blight of many tenement areas, expanded new parks, remade streets, and restricted and reorganized zoning controls.''
Through 1940, New York City was a major destination for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South. The Harlem Renaissance flourished during the 1920s and the era of Prohibition, coincident with a larger economic boom that saw the skyline develop with the construction of competing skyscrapers. For a while, New York City became the most populous city in the world, starting in 1925 and overtaking London, which had reigned for a century. During the difficult years of the Great Depression, the reformer Fiorello La Guardia was elected as mayor and Tammany Hall fell after eighty years of political dominance.''
Despite the effects of the Great Depression, the 1930s saw the building of some of the world's tallest skyscrapers, including numerous Art-Deco masterpieces that are still part of the city's skyline today. Both before and especially after World War II, vast areas of the city were also reshaped by the construction of bridges, parks and parkways coordinated by Moses, the greatest proponent of automobile-centered modernist urbanism in America.''
In 1938 the political designation "ward" was abolished.
Post-World War II: 1946–1977
Returning World War II veterans and immigrants from Europe created a postwar economic boom and led to the development of huge housing tracts in eastern Queens. The city was extensively photographed during the post–war years by photographer Todd Webb using a heavy camera and tripod.''
New York emerged from the war as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's ascendancy and, in 1951, the United Nations relocated from its first headquarters in Flushing Meadows Park, Queens, to the East Side of Manhattan. During the 1960s, the views of real estate developer and city leader Robert Moses began to fall out of favor as the anti-Urban Renewal views of Jane Jacobs gained popularity. Citizen rebellion killed a plan to construct an expressway through lower Manhattan.''
The transition away from the industrial base toward a service economy picked up speed while the large shipbuilding and garment industries declined sharply. The ports converted to container ships, costing many traditional jobs among longshoremen. Many large corporations moved their headquarters to the suburbs, or to distant cities. However there was enormous growth in services especially finance, education, medicine, tourism, communications and law. New York remained the largest city, and largest metropolitan area, in the United States, and continued as its largest financial, commercial, information, and cultural Center.
Like many major U.S. cities, New York suffered race riots, gang wars and some population decline in the 1960s. Street activists and minority groups like the Black Panthers and Young Lords took matters into their own hands and organized rent strikes and garbage offensives, demanding city services for poor areas. They also set up free health clinics and other programs, as a guide for organizing and gaining "Power to the People." By the 1970s the city had also gained a reputation as a crime-ridden relic of history. In 1975, the city government avoided bankruptcy only through a federal loan and debt restructuring by the Municipal Assistance Corporation, headed by Felix Rohatyn. The city was also forced to accept increased financial scrutiny by an agency of New York State. In 1977, the city was struck by the twin catastrophes of the New York City blackout of 1977 and the Son of Sam serial murderer's continued slayings.
1978–present (History of New York City (1978–present)
The 1980s saw a rebirth of Wall Street, and the city reclaimed its role at the center of the worldwide financial industry. Unemployment and crime remained high, the latter reaching peak levels in some categories around the close of the decade and the beginning of the 1990s. The city later resumed its social and economic recovery, bolstered by the influx of Asians, Latin Americans, and U.S. citizens, and by new crimefighting techniques on the part of the NYPD. In the late 1990s, the city benefited from the success of the financial sectors, such as Silicon Alley, during the dot com boom, one of the factors in a decade of booming real estate values. New York's population reached an all-time high in the 2000 census; according to census estimates since 2000, the city has continued to grow, including rapid growth in the most urbanized borough, Manhattan. During this period, New York City was also a site of the September 11 attacks; nearly 3,000 people were killed by a terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, an event considered highly traumatic for the city but which did not stop the city's rapid regrowth.''
The Old City of South Korea ( The old town)
Few international travellers explore the countryside, which is a tragedy and a blessing. Serene temples, picturesque mountains, lush rice paddies, unspoiled fishing villages and endless hiking opportunities are so far off the beaten track, it’s unlikely you’ll meet any Westerners (or even English speakers) on the road less travelled. Voyage to the remote, unspoilt islands of Dadohae Haesang National Park, or head to the charming backwater of Buyeo for its historic Baekje relics and lively covered market. For a somewhat less rural (and considerably more surreal) experience, there is Panmunjom & the DMZ Tour – the closest you can get to North Korea from its southern neighbour without being shot.''
Come as an explorer, seek out adventure, cut your own trail. Challenge yourself and you may develop an appreciation for South Korea’s rich cultural tapestry and a newfound sense of personal freedom, the hallmarks of any truly great journey.''
The Old City In the World
Jumat, 06 April 2012
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Napoleon Bonaparte gave his speech to his soldiers before the battle of Giza in 1798, he said, "At the pyramids, the four centuries of history are not shifted." People may not believe that Giza was actually a separate self-contained city with Cairo, but due to the development of Cairo fast, as if swallowed by the Cairo Giza. In this city, you will find the pyramids of Giza, the Sphinx faithful guard. Giza plateau would be transformed into the Grand Museum of Egypt, which will be completed in 2012.''
2. Konya, Turkey (2600 BC)
The city is flanked by two seas, the Mediterranean and Black Sea, with an altitude of 1000 meters above sea level. City that was founded on the prairie Anatolia is one of the most exciting cities in Turkey. One of the most popular museum in town is the Green Mausoleum of Mevlana Rumi Celaleddin, the tomb of Turkey's leading poets. A variety of wonderful museums await your visit in this city, among others, is Chaeological Museum, Koyunoglu Museum and the Ethnographical Museum.''
3. Zurich, Switzerland (3000 BC)
As the largest city in Switzerland and at the same time we are the oldest in Europe, Zurich was first established in Roman times under the name Turicum. Traces of the past can be found in various places in the Old City of Zurich. Narrow streets lined with cafes, antique shops and boutiques. Bahnhofstrasse, is one of the streets are filled with the most beautiful shops in Europe. Minster and Fraumünster are two old churches are filled with beautiful interior. Swiss National Museum or Kunsthaus, also is one of the most famous museums in the world. You will certainly know how the city offers all the best things in your life in the world.''
4. Kirkuk, Iraq (3000 BC)
With a variety of archaeological marks over the age of 50 centuries, the city of Kirkuk is the most important for the Kurds. The city was once the center of Iraq's oil industry. Maybe it's not the destination that concentrate most tourists, but Kirkuk stands on the former cultural center of ancient Assyria. This city was once the site of the battle three major Empire: Assyria, Babylonia and Media, who take turns to take over control over the city. In this city there is the tomb of Prophet Daniel (Christian) and Al Qaysareyah Market. Qal'at Jarmo and Yorgan Tepe is located on the outskirts of this city will give you the experience of living in the past.''
5. Jerusalem (3000 BCE)
City sacred to three major religions of the world, Islam, Christianity, and Judaism, this city is a place where old-fashioned values coupled with a range of new cultural metropolis that brings a new atmosphere. The city is divided into three sections: West Jerusalem, part of the fastest growing and trading centers. East Jerusalem, which became the settlement of the Arab population, and the Old Town, with magnificent views.
6. Gaziantep, Turkey (3650 BC)
The city formerly known as Antep is now the provisional capital of the same name, this is the oldest city Giazantep are still standing. The city has a history as far as the time of the Hittites (Hittite). The city lived continuously since Paleolithic times, and grew up with the Ottoman empire. Today, Giazantep is a friendly city, and cried with many mosques, madrassas, lodging and even bathing from several centuries ago. Old house of stone house has always had a garden and trees that adorn the wine, so each time you turn around, you will get the most beautiful scenery in the world.''
7. Lisbon, Portugal (2000 BC)
The town was founded in the low hills to the north of the River Tagus, the charm of Lisbon is closely related to the past. Lisbon was first founded by the Iberians. After standing air for centuries, Lisbon is now the most vibrant cities in Europe. Ancient palaces of the restoration, old churches and beautiful Art Nouveau buildings are the most beautiful part of the culture that shaped the face of this city. Museums such as the Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, National Coach Museum, and Carmo Archaeological Museum store various goods fond memories of the past life of this city. Bairro Alto, the center of the city's night life is also filled with restaurants, bars and exciting club for you. Campo de Santa Clara is also open opportunities for you to purchase many wonderful memories of your trip reminder.''
8. Luxor, Egypt (before 2160 BC)
Luxor, once known as the city of Thebes, is a beautiful city that is dedicated to the god Amon Ra, and since tourism is known in the world, the city is already crowded by tourists, many tourists at the Roman and Greek times to visit this city. Luxor is the most popular cities in Egypt. The city began monuments of Luxor, Karnak, Hatshepsut and Ramses III. Not surprisingly, the city is often referred to as the largest open air museum in the world. The city is actually divided into three parts, the Luxor is located on the east side of the Nile, the town of Karnak and Thebes are located on the west side of the river Nile, opposite Luxor, and now incorporated into one.''
9. Asyut, Egypt (before 2160 BC)
The city is located 375 km south of Cairo. The city is the largest city in Upper Egypt and was the first city founded in the days of Pharaoh. Now the city is the most important city as a center of agriculture and also the city where the third largest university in Egypt.''
10. Xi'an, China (2205 BC)
With a long history that stretches up to 30 centuries, this city is one of the most important cities in Chinese history. This city is one of the Most Ancient Capital of the Great Four in China. The city enjoyed a lot and have a similar place in history with the cities of Athens, Cairo and Rome. Various ancient relics and other important cultural sites put this city as a Museum of Natural History. Teracota Museum located in the city is also regarded as the "Eight Wonders of the World". If you want to experience China, this city is one city that should be addressed.''
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